BACCALAUREATE EXAM EXERCISES SECOND CONDITIONAL EXERCISE 1

BACCALAUREATE EXAM EXERCISES SECOND CONDITIONAL EXERCISE 1

GIVE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS

1. If she had a better sleeping bag, she (not feel).......

........... so cold.

2. If the tent (be).............. any smaller, one of us

would have to sleep outside.

3. I (look)........................ out for snacks if I

were you.

4. If I (not be).................. so hungry I would share

my sandwich with you.

5. If he were a young man, he (be able).....................

to walk faster.

6. You (be).................... smarter if you graduated

from university.

7. He (not be).................. so serious if you went to

parties more often.

8. He wouldn't be so self-confident if he (know).............

..... the truth.

9. If I (come)..................... into a fortune, I would

give up working.

10. If I knew how it worked I (tell)..................

you what to do.

11. If we (catch)................. the 10 o'clock train,

we would get there on time.

12. What............. (you, do).................... if you

found $ 100 000 in a bag in the street?

13. What would you do if you (hear)................. that

someone you worked with had an alcohol problem?

14. What would you do if you (hit)................ a parked

car in a car park?

15. If Jack were here he (catch)..................... some

fish for supper.

16. I wouldn't be so keen on employing him if I (not think)

.............. he was the best person for the job.

17. I (not like)........... it very much if they gave the

job to Mark.

18. I wouldn't get so angry with you if you (get)..........

.......... more work done.

19. You would speak English better if you (work)..........

........... more in English.

20. You'd get more work done if you (plan).................

... your day better.

21. It would be nice if the rain (stop)....................

22. I would sing you a song if I (have)...................

... my guitar.

23. We (be)........................ on the beach if we

were in Sidney.

24. If smoking were allowed I................ a cigarette.

BACCALAUREATE EXAM EXERCISES SECOND CONDITIONAL EXERCISE 1 ANSWERS

BACCALAUREATE EXAM EXERCISES SECOND CONDITIONAL EXERCISE 1

ANSWERS

GIVE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS

1. wouldn't feel

2. were/was

3. would look

4. weren't/wasn't

5. would be able

6. would be

7. wouldn't be

8. knew

9. came

10. would tell

11. caught

12. would you do

13. heard

14. hit

15. would catch

16. didn't think

17. wouldn't like

18. got

19. worked

20. planned

21. stopped

22. had

23. would be

24. would have

BACCALAUREATE EXAM EXERCISES FIRST CONDITIONAL EXERCISE 1

BACCALAUREATE EXAM EXERCISES FIRST CONDITIONAL

EXERCISE 1

GIVE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS

1. If you take my advice, you (not have).................

problems any more.

2. If you sell more than you did last year you (be)

.................. soon on your way.

3. If she (find)...................... a good job, she

will pay all her bills.

4. If the plan (succeed)................ you will make

a profit.

5. If he (not get)............. a big order he will go

bankrupt.

6. If I see you standing talking again, you (not get)

.................arise.
7. If you (not do)................. anything really bad,

your job here will be quite safe.

8. If share prices (drop)................. , we will lose

our money.

9. If he (come)............... before ten, we will meet

him at the station.

10. So if I don't hear from you, I (assume)...............

everything is fine.

11. I'll only call you if I think there (be).............

...... a problem.

12. If we (not protect)................... the elephant,

it will become extinct.

13. If he (not accept)............. our offer, we will

have to withdraw.

14. If you (give)....................... me a 10% discount,

I'll buy two.

15. She (look)..................... completely different

if she cuts her hair.

16. I (be)................. very pleased if you make it.

17. You (have).......... to work very hard if you want to

pass your English exam.

18. You will be tired tomorrow if you (not to go).........

...... to bed soon.

19. I (bring).................. my laptop if we have to

look at the documents.

20. If I read this manual, I (not make).................

any mistakes.

21. If sales (not improve).................... soon, we

will have to lay off some workers.

22. If the report (not be)................. on my desk

tomorrow morning, you will be in big trouble.

23. If you (eat).............. an apple every day, you'll

be very healthy.

24. I will see him at the cinema if he (have).............

........ the time.

BACCALAUREATE EXAM EXERCISES FIRST CONDITIONAL EXERCISE 1 ANSWERS

BACCALAUREATE EXAM EXERCISES FIRST CONDITIONAL EXERCISE 1

ANSWERS

GIVE THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS

1. won't have
2. will be
3. finds
4. succeeds
5. doesn't get
6. won't get
7. don'tdo
8. drop
9. comes
10. will assume
11. is
12. don't protect
13. doesn't accept
14. give
15. will look
16. will be
17. will have
18. don't go
19. will bring
20. won't make
21. don't improve
22. isn't
23. eat
24. has

BACCALAUREATE EXAM EXERCISES REPORTED SPEECH STATEMENTS 1

BACCALAUREATE EXAM EXERCISES REPORTED SPEECH STATEMENTS 1

REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO REPORTED SPEECH

1. "They're playing a lot of music that I don't like."

The girl said.............................................

2. "We've been waiting for Julie for two hours and she

hasn't come."

They complained that..................................

3- "I'm fascinated and I have never seen such a well-preserved

Roman ruin."

Harold remarked that ....................... .

4- "Their defence won't be strong enough for them to win

tomorrow."

My brother has only just pointed out that ............ .

5. "One month ago I warned you to study for that test."

Our teacher reminded us...............................

6. "If you give me some money, I'll help you."

The man said to Bob that..........................

7- "I'll mend your bicycle the moment I have some

free time."

My father promised two weeks ago that ............. .

8- "I can run ten miles easily."

Willy boasted that .................................. .

9. "I can't believe he's leaving me like this."

Sandra cried that........................

10. "If you don't take any exercises, you won't be healthy."

The doctor warned me..........................

11- "The incident hasn't been reported properly by the

newspapers."

The Minister claimed that ....................... .

12- "I left Spain two years ago."

The young lady answered that .......................

13. "I need to be at work early this morning that's why

I'm in a hurry."

Jack explained.........................

14- "Mum may not have roasted the chicken long enough."

My brother whispered that ......................

15- "I don't think they'll serve us a decent breakfast

at this hotel tomorrow morning."

Mum grumbled that ............................ .

BACCALAUREATE EXAM EXERCISES REPORTED SPEECH STATEMENTS 1 ANSWERS

BACCALAUREATE EXAM EXERCISES REPORTED SPEECH

STATEMENTS 1 ANSWERS

REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO REPORTED SPEECH

1. ... they were playing........ she didn't like

2. ... they had been waiting for....... and she hadn't

come

3...he was fascinated and he had never seen such a

well-preserved Roman ruin

4...their defence wouldn't be strong enough for them to

win the following day

5. ...that one month before she had warned us to study

6. ...if she gave him the money, he would help her

7...he would mend my bicycle the moment he had some free

time

8...he could run ten miles easily

9. ... she couldn't believe he was leaving her like that

10....... if I didn't take any exercises, I wouldn't be

healthy

11...the incident hadn't been reported properly by the

newspapers

12...she had left Turkey two years before

13...... he needed to be at work early that morning

that's why he was in a hurry

14...Mum might not have roasted the chicken long enough

15...she didn't think they would serve us a decent breakfast

at this hotel tomorrow morning

Moroccan Aïcha Ech Channa receives $1 million Prize

Moroccan Aïcha Ech Channa receives $1 million Prize

Aïcha Ech Channa, founder and president of a Casablanca,

Morocco, organization that provides services to unmarried

women with children, is the winner of the $1 million 2009

Opus Prize.

Ech Channa, 68, is something of an icon in Morocco when it

comes to human and civil rights for single mothers and their

children. During the 1980s she worked in the Moroccan Ministry

of Social Affairs where she was confronted daily by the ordeals

of single mothers.

She recalled an afternoon in a social worker’s office where

a single mother was giving up her baby for adoption. “This mom

was breastfeeding her baby, which means she never wanted to

abandon it. And at the moment when she forcibly took away her

breast from the baby’s mouth, the milk sprayed all over the

baby’s face and the baby cried. This cry was in my head. And

that night I did not sleep. I swore to do something.”

In 1985, Ech Channa founded the Association Solidarité Féminine

in Casablanca to provide services for single women and their

children. She started in a basement and now operates

three day-care centers and training schools, two restaurants,

four kiosks and a hammam (turkish batb,fitness center and spa).

More than 50 women receive training every year in literacy,

human rights, cooking, baking, sewing, fitness services and

accounting. Participants also receive daily child care and

medical treatments in addition to social, psychological and

legal support and counseling for better reintegration in their

society.

Ech Channa, a Muslim, says she gains inspiration from a sense

of justice rooted in the value systems of all religions.

“I want Solidarité Féminine to be a model that provides an

example for the respect of human rights, economic development

and confidence in humanism,” she says. “This is a model that

can be carried everywhere in the world.”

Her organization was officially recognized in 2002 by the

government as a charitable organization and has received

support from Moroccan King Mohammed VI.

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 6

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM

LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 6

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRECT LINKING WORD / CONNECTOR

01- It was cold and wet. _____, Jane put on her swimming suit


and went to the beach.

A) Although

B) Despite

C) Nevertheless

D) Therefore

02- _____ the extremely bad weather in the mountains, we're

no longer considering our trip.

A) Because

B) Due to

C) Since

D) Although

03- It is almost impossible to learn to speak a language

really well …………you live among people who speak it as their

mother tongue.

A) while

B) unless

C) in order to

D) as well as


04- ____ Jason became famous, he has ignored his old friends.

He shouldn't do that.

A) If

B) Ever since

C) Even though

D) Whereas


05- _____ the stress of examinations and interviews is over,

we can all relax for a while.

A) Now that

B) Lest

C) Although

D) Despite

06- Leave the heating on _____ the house gets cold while we're out.

A) so as to

B) so that

C) in case

D) such as

07- Your application form was incomplete; _____, you were not

interviewed.

A) still

B) yet

C) therefore

D) however

08- There is a widespread belief that a lot of wars must

be fought …………assure world peace.

A) in order to

B) therefore

C) due to

D) furthermore

09- It is always a good idea to dress well for a job

interview; …………,you may not be taken seriously.

A) however

B) moreover

C) otherwise

D) therefore


10- You should have no problem on your exam …………you keep

calm and don't panic.

A) in case

B) so long as

C) otherwise

D) as soon as

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 6

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM

LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 6

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRCT LINKING WORD / CONNECTOR


ANSWERS:

1= C) Nevertheless

2= B) Due to

3= B) unless

4= B) Ever since

5= A) Now that

6= C) in case

7= C) therefore

8= A) in order to

9= C) otherwise

10= B) so long as

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 4

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM

LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 4

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRCT LINKING WORD / CONNECTOR

01- In many parts of Morocco, it is always a good idea to

have a big water storage tank …………the water is cut off without notice.

A) while

B) despite

C) whichever

D) in case

02- …………people start using their cars less, there will never

be an end to traffic jams.

A) Unless

B) Since

C) However

D) Even

03- We are so late that …………how fast we drive, we will not

get there on time.

A} even though

B) not only

C) no matter

D} whether

04- I'm happy to go to …………restaurant you want because I know

they are both good.

A) wherever

B} however

C} whichever

D) whatever

05- …………all his wealth, he had never been happy, and his

suicide last week after the break-up of his third marriage

did not surprise anyone.

A) Because

B) In case

C) Whereas

D) In spite of

06- …………had they got off the plane …………their problems began.

A) Hardly /when
B) Both/and
C) Whether/or
D) The sooner/the more

07- Many countries are facing a shortage of teachers; …………

the rapid growth in population will only make this problem

worse in coming decades.

A) since

B) instead

C) nonetheless

D) moreover

08- We were cold and hungry …………the beauty of our surroundings

made us forget our discomfort.

A) nor

B) or

C) so

D) yet

09- …………we arrived at the airport two and a half hours early,

there was already a long queue at the check-in counter.

A) Although

B} Since

C) Despite

D) No sooner

10- Nowadays too many people work too hard in offices and get

too little exercise; …………they tend to eat unhealthy convenience

food because they do not have time to shop or cook.

A) furthermore

B) the opposite

C) otherwise

D) on the contrary

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 4

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM

LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 4

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRCT LINKING WORD / CONNECTOR

ANSWERS:

1= D) in case

2= A) Unless

3= C) no matter

4= C} whichever

5= D) In spite of

6= A) Hardly /when

7= D) moreover

8= D) yet

9= A) Although

10= A) furthermore

EXPRESS READING ERRADICATE POVERTY

EXPRESS READING

ERRADICATE POVERTY

Eliminating poverty is largely a matter of helping children

born into poverty to rise out of it. Once families escape

from poverty they do not fall back into it. Middle-class

children rarely end up poor. The primary reason poor children

do not escape from poverty is that they do not acquire basic

mental skills. They cannot read, write, calculate or articulate.

Lacking these skills, they cannot get or keep a well-paid job.

The best mechanism for breaking this vicious circle is to

provide the poor with better educational opportunities.

Since children born into poor homes do not acquire the

skills they need from their parents, they must be taught

these skills in school.

EXPRESS READING WOMEN’S STATUS

EXPRESS READING

WOMEN’S STATUS

In the early 1970s, there was a great deal of optimism about

improving women’s position, ending male privilege and doing

away with gender divisions and even gender difference. Equal

opportunities legislation was enacted in many countries, and

the voice of the women’s movement was heard criticising

discrimination between the sexes in every sphere of working

life. Now it is clear that legislation can make only a marginal

difference to entrenched patterns of job segregation and inequality.

The voices of feminism, too, are varied; some demand equality

with men while others pursue the revaluation of women’s skills

and ‘womanly’ virtues.

EXPRESS READING ARE BOOKS DYING?

EXPRESS READING

ARE BOOKS DYING?

In theory, the multimedia age should be killing off bookshops.

Who still has time to read books, what with surfing the Internet,

viewing scores of new digital television channels, and putting

in ever-longer hours at work? And presumably those few people

who do still read books will be buying them on the Internet.

After all, Amazon, a bookseller, is the most cited example of

a successful online retailer. So much for the theory. What

about the practice? This week the largest bookshop in Britain

opened up in the old Simpson's of Piccadilly in London. With

265,000 titles and 1.5 million books, the new branch of Waterstone's

stretches over seven floors. A department store, which once

sold everything from sushi to plus-fours, is now devoted entirely

to one product - books. The new Waterstone's is almost next

door to Hatchards, a mere five-storey bookshop, with a

well-established clientele, and two smaller bookshops. It is

also less than a mile from Borders, another huge bookstore in Oxford Street.

EXPRESS READING ADS AND THE CONSUMER SOCIETY

EXPRESS READING

ADS AND THE CONSUMER SOCIETY

Does advertising encourage waste by persuading consumers

to buy goods that they do not need? In reply to this, it

has been pointed out that all the consumer really needs,

is a bare minimum of clothing, food and shelter, and that

one of the distinguishing marks of any civilized community

is that it lives well above the minimum subsistence level.

Most advertising is designed to influence the consumer's

spending power. In western countries, advertising has

played a great part in bringing laboursaving equipment,

and so a degree of leisure, and even luxury, to millions.

Advertising that encourages the public to want more is

also claimed to act as an incentive making people want to

earn more in order to buy the goods advertised, and

therefore making them work harder. For this reason

advertising has been defended as having an essential part

to play in the move towards higher standards of living.

The defenders of advertising also point out that it is

not solely concerned with encouraging the public to spend.

Banks, insurance companies and building societies are

amongst the commercial advertisers who encourage saving.

EXPRESS READING AMERICANS AND FAST FOOD

EXPRESS READING

AMERICANS AND FAST FOOD

Fast-food is such a omnipresent part of American life that

it has become synonymous with American culture. Fast-food

was born in America and it has now swollen into a $106-billion

industry. America exports fast-food worldwide and its attendant

corporate culture, has probably been more influential and done

more to destroy local food economies and cultural diversity

than any government propaganda programme could hope to accomplish.

No corner of the earth is safe from its presence and no aspect

of life is unaffected. Fast-food is now found in shopping malls,

airports, hospitals, gas stations, stadiums, on trains, and

increasingly, in schools. There are 23,000 restaurants in one

chain alone, and another 2,000 are being opened every year.

Its effect has been the same on the millions of people it feeds

daily and on the people it employs. Fast-food culture has

changed how we work, from its assembly-line kitchens filled

with robotic frying machines to the trite phrases spoken to

customers by its poorly paid part-time workforce. In the

United States, more than 57 per cent of the population eat

meals away from home on any given day and they spend more

money on fast-food than they do on higher education, personal

computers, or even on new cars.

EXPRESS READING GENDER GAP

EXPRESS READING

GENDER GAP

Although women have made huge strides in catching up with

men in the workplace, a gender gap still persists both in

wages and levels of advancement. Commonly cited explanations

for this gap range from charges of sex discrimination to claims

that women are more sensitive than men to work versus family

conflicts and thus less inclined to make sacrifices for their

careers. Now, however, two new studies suggest that another

factor may be at work: a deeply ingrained difference in the

way men and women react to competition that manifests itself

even at an early age. Apparently, females tend to be far less

responsive to competition than males - a tendency with important

implications for women and business. It may hurt women in highly

competitive labour markets, for example, and hinder efficient

job placement - especially for positions in which competitiveness

is not a useful trait.

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 3

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM

LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 3

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRCT LINKING WORD / CONNECTOR

01- I don't want to go anywhere today; it rained all night

and, …………,it is supposed to continue raining all day.

A) therefore

B) otherwise

C) furthermore

D) despite

02- …………how hard I try, I just cannot understand why the

conflict persists in the Middle East.

A) Unless

B) However

C) Though

D) No matter

03- He worked late on Friday …………finish everything so that he

could enjoy the weekend with a clear conscience.

A) because

B) for

C) in order to

D) due to

04- We had better take plenty of money…………we can't find a cheap

hotel.

A) in case

B) so that

C) in order that

D) so as to

05- I had …………got home …………people began ringing to ask what

was going on.

A) the sooner/that

B) neither/nor

C) not only/but also

D) hardly/when

06- …………hard he tried, he simply could not forget the girl

he had met during the summer.

A) However

B} Even though

C) Provided

D) Despite

07- …………you are interested in shopping or history, Marrakech

is an ideal place to visit.

A) Whether

B) So that

C) Therefore

D) Besides

08- …………we want to spend all night here, we had better hurry up

and finish this work.

A) Because

B) Unless

C) Furthermore

D) Whenever

09- When I asked her if she would marry me, she looked …………she

was going to faint.

A) even though

B) as if

C) in case

D} owing to

10- …………they reach university, a lot of young people are

already fed up with studying and want to do something else with

their lives.

A) Since

B) In case

C) By the time

D} Besides

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 3

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM

LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 3

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRCT LINKING WORD / CONNECTOR


ANSWERS:

1= C) furthermore

2= D) No matter

3= C) in order to

4= A) in case

5= D) hardly/when

6= A) However

7= A) Whether

8= B) Unless

9= B) as if

10= C) By the time

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 2

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM

LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 2

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRCT LINKING WORD / CONNECTOR


01- …………had her elderly husband died and left her all his

money …………she married a handsome young man.

A) Both/and

B) Not only/that

C) No sooner/than

D) Whether/or

02- I don't care …………you stay………… go, but if you decide to go,

please close the door behind you.

A) not only/but also

B) the more/than

C) neither/nor

D) whether/or

03- …………where you stay, you are sure to enjoy your visit to

Morocco.

A) No matter

B) However

C) Since

D} Even though

04- He was determined to succeed as a writer, …………the odds

against him.

A) however

B) whatever

C) even though

D) whereas

05- …………the high rate of crime, the police have been granted

extraordinary powers to stop and search people.

A) Until

B) If

C) Unless

D) Due to

06- Using the Internet, I now find it easy to keep in touch with

friends………… they are in the world.

A) wherever

B) whoever

C) whatever

D) whichever

07- So that they do not look for work elsewhere, nurses and

teachers should be well-paid …………having to work for the low

salaries that they earn.

A) Besides

B) Rather than

C} As though

D) Otherwise

08- …………I walked into the room, I could tell that something

was wrong.

A) During

B) By the time

C) The moment

D) As long as

09- He came to the interview wearing jeans and a t-shirt; …………he

was given the job.

A) instead

B) nevertheless

C) otherwise

D) on the contrary

10- …………you get your roof repaired, it could leak badly during

the winter rains.

A) Unless

B) As though

C) Owing to

D) In order that

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 2

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM

LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 2

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRCT LINKING WORD / CONNECTOR

ANSWERS:

1= C) No sooner/than

2= D) whether/or

3= A) No matter

4= B) whatever

5= D) Due to

6= A) wherever

7= B) Rather than

8= C) The moment

9= B) nevertheless

10= A) Unless

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM EXERCISES LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 1

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM EXERCISES

LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 1

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRCT LINKING WORD / CONNECTOR

01- She must have found something attractive in him; ………… she

would not have married him.

A) whether

B) moreover

C) otherwise

D) whereas

02- When choosing who to vote for, you must consider …………the

economic policy …………the foreign policy of the parties.

A) both/and

B) hardly/when

C) neither/or

D) whether/or

03- I always try to eat very little, I just cannot keep

my weight stable without doing exercise………… .

A) otherwise

B) yet

C) no more

D} though

04- The soldiers are ordered to shoot at …………they see moving

after the curfew, so be sure not to stay out after that.

A) even if

B) no matter

C) whatever

D) however

05- …………the efforts of municipal authorities, the public

transportation system has improved dramatically.

A) Besides

B) So that

C) In order to

D) Owing to

06- …………they had been married for several months, she had

decided that she had made a mistake by marrying him.

A) Due to

B) As long as

C) By the time

D) Unless

07- …………the unstable political situation, far fewer tourists

than usual have been visiting Jerusalem in recent years.

A) Because

B) Therefore

C) In spite of

D) Owing to

08- He did not get the job because he did not have any

experience, …………most of the other applicants did.

A) besides

B) otherwise

C) whereas

D) in order that

09- They got divorced within a month of their marriage …………they'd

been childhood and high school sweethearts.

A) although

B) no matter

C) nevertheless

D) despite

10- It is impossible to find a flat in the town centre that

is …………cheap………… in a convenient location.

A) both/and

B) whether/or

C} so/as

D) such/that

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM EXERCISES LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 1

BACCALAUREATE ENGLISH EXAM EXERCISES

LINKING WORDS / CONNECTORS 1

FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE CORRCT LINKING WORD / CONNECTOR


ANSWERS:

1= C) otherwise

2= A) both/and

3= D} though

4= C) whatever

5= D) Owing to

6= C) By the time

7= D) Owing to

8= C) whereas

9= A) although

10= A) both/and

CONNECTORS / LINKING WORDS

CONNECTORS / LINKING WORDS

1.Contrast

On the other hand
In contrast
on the contrary
conversely
however
yet
still
nonetheless
nevertheless
even so
in spite of this
despite that/this


Ahmed worked hard. On the other hand/In contrast/ However,

Hussein hardly did any work at all.

Majdoub is lazy. However, his brother is quite diligent

(=hard working).

George is an optimist. In contrast/However, Bill is a pessimist.

Extroverts love crowds. In contrast, introverts prefer solitude.

She is not ugly. On the contrary, she is a good-looking girl.

I don't hate classical music. On the contrary, I'm very fond

of it.

Six is more than five; conversely, five is less than six.

She studied diligently for several months. Nevertheless/However/

Yet/Nonetheless, she failed.

George is very handsome. Yet, he is not popular with girls.

My uncle is 70 years old now. Nonetheless, he maintains his

interest in legal matters.

It's raining. Even so, we must go out.

2.Result

as a consequence
accordingly
for this/that reason
therefore
as a result
consequently
hence
thus
because of that / this

He passed his exams. Therefore/Thus/Hence/Accordingly/

Consequently,he had some good news to tell

his parents.

Professor Brown is an outstanding scientist. Hence,

he is highly respected.

He has been studying hard for a long time. Thus, he has

made considerable progress.

He lacks self-confidence. As a consequence, he is unlikely

to be successful.

The demand has increased sharply. Accordingly, the prices

are higher now.

3. Addition and Listing

also
besides
further
moreover
furthermore
in addition
first (firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first

place, for one thing )

secondly (second, in the second place, for another thing)

thirdly (third, in the third place)

finally, lastly, last of all

Amine plays football. Moreover/ Besides/ Also, he runs

a restaurant.

Nihad writes short stories, in addition, she writes articles

for a newspaper.

To prepare his homework, Jack went through various history

books. Furthermore, he took notes from several encyclopaedias.

During her spare time, Aicha practices the piano; in addition,

she plays the violin.

I prefer to buy fruits and vegetables in the open market

because they are quite cheap there. Besides, they

are much fresher than fruits and vegetables sold at the

greengrocers'.

Living in a big city offers good job opportunities. Also,

it provides good educational opportunities.

Ali does not have a gift for music. Moreover, he lacks

motivation to practice music. Therefore, he can't

become a good musician.

Owning a car has some advantages. First (First of all/Firstly/

To begin with), it gives you comfort.

Secondly, it saves you a lot of time. Thirdly, it gives you

great freedom of movement.

4. Time

at first
afterwards
later
then
in the meantime
meanwhile

I read the morning papers for a while. Afterwards, I took a

shower.

First pick up the receiver and then insert a coin into the

coin-box.

At first, I had great difficulty with grammar Later, however ,

I was able to overcome these difficulties by

studying hard.

The party is Tuesday, but in the meantime I have to shop

and prepare the food.

They'll be here soon. Meanwhile, let's have coffee.

5. Exemplification

for instance
for example
to illustrate

Women generally live longer than men. For instance, in the

United States life expectancy for women is 75, while it is

73 for men.

Earthquakes can be highly destructive. To illustrate,

the earthquake which occurred in Agadir in 1960 devastated

the whole town, killing more than 15,000 people.

6. Particularization


in particular
particularly
specifically

Shopping in small markets is quite advantageous. In particular,

one can find specialty items that larger stores do not contain.

We still needed to arrange several details for the trip.

Specifically, we had to make plane and train reservations as

well as decide on the final itinerary.

7. Explanation


that is
namely
in other words
that is to say

The brochure dealt with travelling in Morocco. That is/In other

words/ Namely, it discussed transportation, currency, and language.

The machinery was not impaired; that is, it wasn't damaged.

Good readers should be able to read between the lines; that is,

they should be able to make inferences (=to draw conclusions)

about information that is conveyed indirectly or given only

partially.

There is only one topic to discuss, namely, the question

of discipline.

As a child grows up, he learns how to behave in ways which

are appropriate to the society into which he is born.

That is to say, he acquires the patterns of behaviour

which are accepted as normal in his society.

8. Similarity

Likewise
similarly
correspondingly
by the same token
in the same way

Men must wear a jacket and a tie; similarly, women must

wear a skirt or a dress, not trousers.

She was late and I similarly was delayed.

You can't teach navigation in the middle of a storm.

Likewise, you can't build a system of values in the

current educational climate.


9. Emphasis


in fact
indeed
as a matter of fact
actually

He is quite wealthy. In fact, he is one of the richest

men in town.

I like reading. As a matter of fact, it is my favourite

pastime.

Moussa is a highly talented musician. Indeed, he has an

extraordinary gift for music.


10. Reformulation

in other words
to put it in a different way
put differently

He is a conservative. In other words, he favours the

preservation of old institutions in their original form.

Is there a cheaper solution? In other words, can you make

a cheaper device?

11. Correction

rather
to be more precise

He is enjoying himself. Rather, he seems to be enjoying

himself.

This system must be improved. Rather, it must be

thoroughly changed.

Her name is not Margaret. Rather, it is Margot.

12. Transition

as for
as to
with regard to
with respect to
as regards
regarding
as far as…… is concerned

Both Riad and Walid are my friends. Riad studies law

at Yale University. As for Walid, he studies mechanical

engineering at MIT.

As far as comfort is concerned, a car is definitely much

better than a bicycle. On the other hand, with respect to

convenience, it is difficult to say the same thing.

MIT and CTI are similar in several respects (=ways).

First, they are both technical universities. Secondly,

they are alike as regards the courses offered.

Sony, which is $550, is much more expensive than Grundig,

which is $440. However, as far as quality is concerned

(With regard to/ As regards quality), the former is far

better than the latter.

13. Negative Condition

or else
otherwise

I must leave now, or else I'll be late.

You must study hard. Otherwise, you may fail.

14. Summation / Conclusion

in summary
in brief
in short
in conclusion
to be brief
to sum up
all in all

This is our most disastrous and embarrassing defeat ever;

in short, it is a fiasco.

The system lacked originality, efficiency and ingenuity.

In conclusion, it was a complete failure.

15. Other Sentence Connectors

after all: considering all the factors in the situation

I don't think he should be punished for breaking the window.

After all, he's only five years old.

incidentally/by the way (used to introduce an additional

point that the speaker has just thought of)

Some people, and incidentally that includes Robert,

just won't look after themselves properly.

above all (=more than anything else)

He misses all of us, but he longs above all to see

his family again.

all the same: even so, nevertheless, in any case,

I like him; all the same, I don't trust him.

anyway, anyhow, in any case

I wasn't asked; anyway/anyhow/in any case, I wasn't

keen to go.

instead (used to indicate contrast)

Mary did not answer. Instead she looked out of the taxi window.

CONNECTORS / LINKING WORDS

CONNECTORS / LINKING WORDS

1.Contrast

On the other hand
In contrast
on the contrary
conversely
however
yet
still
nonetheless
nevertheless
even so
in spite of this
despite that/this

a. Direct Opposition

Ahmed worked hard. On the other hand/In contrast/ However,

Hussein hardly did any work at all.

Majdoub is lazy. However, his brother is quite diligent

(=hard working).

George is an optimist. In contrast/However, Bill is a pessimist.

Extroverts love crowds. In contrast, introverts prefer solitude.

She is not ugly. On the contrary, she is a good-looking girl.

I don't hate classical music. On the contrary, I'm very fond of it.

Six is more than five; conversely, five is less than six.

b. Denial of Expectation (Unexpected result)

She studied diligently for several months. Nevertheless/However/

Yet/Nonetheless, she failed.

George is very handsome. Yet, he is not popular with girls.

My uncle is 70 years old now. Nonetheless, he maintains his

interest in legal matters.

It's raining. Even so, we must go out.

2.Result

as a consequence
accordingly
for this/that reason
therefore
as a result
consequently
hence
thus
because of that / this

He passed his exams. Therefore/Thus/Hence/Accordingly/

Consequently,he had some good news to tell his parents.

Professor Brown is an outstanding scientist. Hence, he

is highly respected.

He has been studying hard for a long time. Thus, he has

made considerable progress.

He lacks self-confidence. As a consequence, he is unlikely

to be successful.

The demand has increased sharply. Accordingly, the prices

are higher now.

3. Addition and Listing

also
besides
further
moreover
furthermore
in addition
first (firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first
place, for one thing )
secondly (second, in the second place, for another thing)
thirdly (third, in the third place)
finally, lastly, last of all

Amine plays football. Moreover/ Besides/ Also, he runs

a restaurant.

Nihad writes short stories, in addition, she writes articles

for a newspaper.

To prepare his homework, Jack went through various history

books. Furthermore, he took notes from several encyclopaedias.

During her spare time, Aicha practices the piano; in addition,

she plays the violin.

I prefer to buy fruits and vegetables in the open market because

they are quite cheap there. Besides, they are much fresher than

fruits and vegetables sold at the greengrocers'.

Living in a big city offers good job opportunities. Also, it

provides good educational opportunities.

Ali does not have a gift for music. Moreover, he lacks motivation

to practice music. Therefore, he can'tbecome a good musician.

Owning a car has some advantages. First (First of all/Firstly/

To begin with), it gives you comfort.

Secondly, it saves you a lot of time. Thirdly, it gives you

great freedom of movement.

4. Time

at first
afterwards
later
then
in the meantime
meanwhile

I read the morning papers for a while. Afterwards, I took a shower.

First pick up the receiver and then insert a coin into the coin-box.

At first, I had great difficulty with grammar Later, however ,

I was able to overcome these difficulties by studying hard.

The party is Tuesday, but in the meantime I have to shop and

prepare the food.

They'll be here soon. Meanwhile, let's have coffee.

5. Exemplification

for instance
for example
to illustrate

Women generally live longer than men. For instance, in the

United States life expectancy for women is 75, while it is 73

for men.

Earthquakes can be highly destructive. To illustrate, the

earthquake which occurred in Agadir in 1960 devastated the

whole town, killing more than 15,000 people.

6. Particularization


in particular
particularly
specifically

Shopping in small markets is quite advantageous. In particular,

one can find specialty items that larger stores do not contain.

We still needed to arrange several details for the trip.

Specifically, we had to make plane and train reservations

as well as decide on the final itinerary.

7. Explanation


that is
namely
in other words
that is to say

The brochure dealt with travelling in Morocco. That is /In other

words/ Namely, it discussed transportation, currency, and language.

The machinery was not impaired; that is, it wasn't damaged.

Good readers should be able to read between the lines; that is,

they should be able to make inferences (=to draw conclusions)

about information that is conveyed indirectly or given only

partially.

There is only one topic to discuss, namely, the question of

discipline.

As a child grows up, he learns how to behave in ways which are

appropriate to the society into which he is born. That is to say,

he acquires the patterns of behaviour which are accepted as

normal in his society.

8. Similarity

Likewise
similarly
correspondingly
by the same token
in the same way

Men must wear a jacket and a tie; similarly, women must wear

a skirt or a dress, not trousers.

She was late and I similarly was delayed.

You can't teach navigation in the middle of a storm. Likewise,

you can't build a system of values in the current educational

climate.


9. Emphasis


in fact
indeed
as a matter of fact
actually

He is quite wealthy. In fact, he is one of the richest men

in town.

I like reading. As a matter of fact, it is my favourite pastime.

Moussa is a highly talented musician. Indeed, he has an extraordinary

gift for music.


10. Reformulation

in other words
to put it in a different way
put differently

He is a conservative. In other words, he favours the preservation

of old institutions in their original form.

Is there a cheaper solution? In other words, can you make a

cheaper device?

11. Correction

rather
to be more precise

He is enjoying himself. Rather, he seems to be enjoying

himself.

This system must be improved. Rather, it must be thoroughly

changed.

Her name is not Margaret. Rather, it is Margot.

12. Transition

as for
as to
with regard to
with respect to
as regards
regarding
as far as…… is concerned

Both Riad and Walid are my friends. Riad studies law at

Yale University. As for Walid, he studies mechanical

engineering at MIT.

As far as comfort is concerned, a car is definitely much

better than a bicycle. On the other hand, with respect to

convenience, it is difficult to say the same thing.

MIT and CTI are similar in several respects (=ways). First,

they are both technical universities. Secondly, they are

alike as regards the courses offered.

Sony, which is $550, is much more expensive than Grundig,

which is $440. However, as far as quality is concerned

(With regard to/ As regards quality), the former is far

better than the latter.

13. Negative Condition

or else
otherwise

I must leave now, or else I'll be late.

You must study hard. Otherwise, you may fail.

14. Summation / Conclusion

in summary
in brief
in short
in conclusion
to be brief
to sum up
all in all

This is our most disastrous and embarrassing defeat ever;

in short, it is a fiasco.

The system lacked originality, efficiency and ingenuity.

In conclusion, it was a complete failure.

15. Other Sentence Connectors

after all: considering all the factors in the situation

I don't think he should be punished for breaking the window.

After all, he's only five years old.

incidentally/by the way (used to introduce an additional

point that the speaker has just thought of)

Some people, and incidentally that includes Robert, just

won't look after themselves properly.

above all (=more than anything else)

He misses all of us, but he longs above all to see his

family again.

all the same: even so, nevertheless, in any case,

I like him; all the same, I don't trust him.

anyway, anyhow, in any case

I wasn't asked; anyway/anyhow/in any case, I wasn't

keen to go.

instead (used to indicate contrast)

Mary did not answer. Instead she looked out of the

taxi window.